New Hampshire considered (retained) House Bill 535 (2023) during a closed interim Children and Family Law Committee session on October 31. As amended, it requires the appointment of legal counsel for children placed in institutions or group homes and permits judges to appoint attorneys to any child in child protection court proceedings. The committee made an “ought to pass with amendment” recommendation to the House. On January 3, the House floor adopted the recommendation. The bill’s next stop is House finance. Children and Family Law Committee chairs co-authored an op-ed endorsing the expansion of children’s access to legal counsel in child protection court proceedings. Companion Senate Bill 463 was introduced on January 3. 

On December 5, Florida interim House Children, Families, and Seniors subcommittee considered House Bill 185 (2024) that would revise Florida law to eliminate special needs categories of youth guaranteed legal representation and restrict judicial discretion to appoint legal counsel. Members of Foster Fairness and others testified in the public hearing. NACC submitted this letter of opposition. 

NACC invites all practitioners to join us for our inaugural virtual training series: High-Quality Legal Representation for Infants and Toddlers. Presented by NACC staff, and created in partnership with the ABA Center on Children and the Law, the Rocky Mountain Children’s Law Center, Zero to Three, and the Kempe Center, this first-of-its-kind training series focuses on the knowledge, skills, activities, and best practices needed to deliver high-quality representation to infants and toddlers.

Learn more: https://naccchildlaw.org/event/nacc-virtual-training-series-high-quality-legal-representation-for-infants-and-toddlers/

The first half of the year has been full of activity for the Counsel for Kids campaign. The campaign supported successful policy reform, released new resources, and held various engagements to spread the word about why children in court need lawyers of their own.

Campaign Legislative Progress

The C4K campaign celebrates a victory for children in Montana! Advocates secured the right to counsel for all children involved in child protection court proceedings—taking the number of states not guaranteeing children’s counsel from 14 to 13. State Representative Jennifer Carlson (R) advanced work initiated by her colleague, former Representative Danny Tennenbaum (D), during the 2022 summer Interim Committee Meetings of the Children, Families, and Health and Human Services committee. When the committee chose not to sponsor a C4K bill during the 2023 session, she proposed her own legislation: House Bill 37 to guarantee children’s right to appointed counsel. As a National Conference of State Legislatures Child Welfare Fellow, Rep. Carlson demonstrates her commitment to improving the lives of children experiencing foster care by working to ensure their access to high-quality legal representation. She also sponsored House Bill 555 to require the state child protection agency to maximize Title IV-E federal funding for children’s legal representation and establish training requirements and practice standards for children’s attorneys. Governor Gianforte signed HB 555 into law on April 20. HB 37, which also included provisions related to warrant requirements for child removal and shortening the time frame for hearings after removals, was approved by the Senate and House but vetoed by the Governor on May 11. The Governor signed its companion bill–Senate Bill 148, that solely addresses children’s right to counsel, sponsored by State Senator Dennis Lenz (R)– into law on May 19.Rep. Carlson notes that these bills, “[…] will make a huge difference in the Montana CPS culture emphasizing the importance of children’s voices being heard, their interests being legally represented, and their constitutional rights being honored.” 

In Florida, StateSenator Jennifer Bradley (R) sponsored Senate Bill 488, which would expand the categories of special needs dependent children who are entitled to appointed counsel. The bill was referred to three Senate committees but was never set for a public hearing. While SB 488 would take only a modest step to increase access to justice, it faced powerful opposition from a competing bill: House Bill 875. HB 875, supported by the State Guardian ad Litem Office, aimed to eliminate the current guarantee of counsel for special needs children. Though HB 875 passed the House, it did not have enough support to receive a hearing in the Senate. Thus, Florida finalized neither proposal before the session adjourned, and the status quo remains. 

In Illinois, StateSenator Ann Gillespie (D), led a powerful campaign to secure children’s right to client-directed counsel. Long before the session commenced, Sen. Gillespie convened a diverse group of stakeholders, including NACC and lived experience experts, to develop a strategic plan to pass C4K legislation. Knowing that funding would be critical, Gillespie’s first strategic effort focused on ensuring federal Title IV-E funding for children’s legal representation in Illinois by sponsoring Senate Bill 1720. Governor Pritzker signed this bill on January 9. Sen. Gillespie next sponsored SB 1478 to guarantee legal counsel for all Illinois children in child protection court proceedings. She worked collaboratively with a coalition of aligned organizations and individuals to help support the proposal. Gillespie used the media as a tool to advance C4K policy, convening a press conference upon filing of the bill. She also co-authored an opinion piece with State Rep. Lakesia Collins in the Chicago Tribune to describe how system reform must include guaranteed legal counsel for children in foster care. Under her leadership, SB 1478 sailed through the Senate with unanimous approval. The bill met opposition and stalled in the House.  

In Indiana, State Senator Jon Ford (R) maintained his unwavering commitment to children and youth experiencing foster care. This year, he championed Senate Bill 485 which would require the appointment of legal counsel to a child in certain circumstances. This proposal was a renewed effort of his prior C4K proposal, Senate Bill 180 (2022). SB 485 was not scheduled for committee consideration. Sen. Ford also convened a 2022 independent interim study committee of legislators, members of the judiciary, and lived experience experts to examine the value and impact of children’s legal representation.

In New Hampshire, StateRepresentative J.R. Hoell (R) battled to maximize youth voice in child protection court proceedings. Rep. Hoell proposed HB 535, which would permit the court to appoint counsel for a child in abuse and neglect proceedings when the child’s expressed interests conflict with any recommendation of the guardian ad litem. Fortunately, during debate, the legislature examined the role of legal counsel for children in broader contexts. Ultimately, the Children and Family law committee voted to retain the bill for further consideration. Rep. Hoell’s work rang a bell for New Hampshire lawmakers that cannot be un-rung. His passionate advocacy brought needed attention to this critical issue and the deleterious impact of court proceedings that do not solicit youth input or provide legal counsel.     

New Resources

In April, NACC released the first comprehensive, state-level guide for policymakers to address the lack of legal representation for children in child protection court proceedings. Seen, Heard, and Represented: A Policymaker’s Guide to Counsel for Kids explains why kids need high-quality attorneys and provides a blueprint for legislators to develop excellent children’s legal representation systems and strengthen state policy. 

NACC also released a short video on nine ways Counsel for Kids promote race equity. The video underscores the overrepresentation of Black and Indigenous children in the child welfare system relative to their representation in the general population. It describes how high-quality legal representation can help confront and challenge racism in individual cases and is a key strategy for addressing systemic racial disproportionality and disparity. Please share this resource on your social media accounts and throughout your networks. 

Spreading the Word

In March, Legal Director Allison Green presented Lawyers Make a Difference to the Idaho Child Protection Committee focusing on the value of legal representation for very young children.

On May 3, Executive Director Kim Dvorchak made a guest appearance on Cat Brooks’ Law and Disorder podcast to discuss the importance of children’s right to counsel.

On the same day, Policy Counsel Natalece Washington addressed a convening of Access to Justice Directors at the ABA/NLADA Equal Justice Conference in Dallas, TX. She shared the Policymakers Guide to Counsel for Kids and highlighted the justice gap for children and youth experiencing foster care. Washington emphasized the role Access to Justice leaders play in centering children’s legal needs among key decision-makers at the state level. 

On May 5, Ms. Washington presented the report at the State Policy Advocacy + Reform Center (SPARC) Network meeting to explain how states can advance C4K reform initiatives. 

The growth and reach of the campaign in the first half of 2023 shows the increasing appetite for state governments to guarantee that children in the nation’s foster care systems have access to attorneys of their own to ensure that their voices are heard and respected.

Last week, Montana passed Senate Bill 148, which guarantees right to counsel for children experiencing the child protection system by statute. With the passage of this law, Montana becomes the 37th state to guarantee counsel for kids. The law requires the court to appoint Expressed/Stated-Interest legal counsel in all dependency cases.

The Counsel for Kids campaign celebrates this key legislation in Montana, which is part of a national trend of states considering right to counsel legislation in dependency cases. As of May 2023, 13 states still do not guarantee legal representation for children experiencing child welfare court proceedings. Children in court need lawyers of their own. We’re working to make sure they have them.

Executive Summary of Initial Outcome Evaluation of NACC’s Counsel for Kids Campaign by Sarah Bryer Consulting

In the spring of 2021, the National Association of Counsel for Children (NACC) launched a state-based “Counsel for Kids Campaign” (Campaign) to ensure the right to counsel for every child in the child welfare system. The Campaign incorporated twin goals of advancing reform and building out local advocacy capacity. NACC provided tools, resources, and direct technical assistance (TA) to statebased partners seeking to initiate, expand or improve upon children’s legal representation.

Halfway into an initial three-year grant, NACC commissioned a neutral, third-party evaluator to conduct an evaluation of the Campaign’s progress and understand its impact. At that point, NACC had worked with seven states in different stages of policy change. The evaluation found that the Campaign provided relevant TA that met or exceeded its initial goals, and that with additional resources it could achieve even greater impact establishing and expanding access to counsel for kids.

Methodology
The evaluator collected qualitative data to surface patterns and uplift nuances that might be clouded by a quantitative approach. The evaluator conducted a full document review and semi-structured, qualitative interviews with NACC national staff and with the lead advocate in each of the seven states (AK, CO, FL, IN, ID, SC, WA).

Support for State Campaigns
State-based advocates appreciated and utilized NACC’s substantive assistance. The evaluation revealed several themes related to this support.

On-Point Assistance: NACC staff provide a variety of assistance including campaign strategy planning, communications support, research, talking points, help identifying allies, coalition building,and answering questions from legislators. NACC staff serve as a sounding board, give feedback on materials, provide the muscle for drafting more extensive documents, testimony, and letters, and present at committees, trainings and working groups.

“NACC was able to respond to legislators quickly … They had a high level of
specificity and accuracy.”

A Culture of Humility: The Campaign incorporates a “culture of humility” to its work by treading carefully in state waters. Campaign staff are both respectful of and sensitive to the local advocates’ desires and the political contexts in which they operated. NACC typically strategizes with local partners about how best to wield their influence and frequently conducted work out of the public eye to avoid a perception of meddling by a national organization.

“People (here) really don’t like being told what to do. (NACC) was very
appropriate in not stepping on toes.”

“NACC is persuasive with some but not all attorney groups, so we strategized about the best place for NACC to be the most effective.”

National, Independent Expertise: NACC successfully walk the tightrope of knowing when to step back from the spotlight while also capitalizing on the benefit it brings as a national expert that wasn’t entangled in local politics.

“Having NACC at the table brought the conversation up out of the personal and back into the realm of best practice.”

“NACC gave the work national credibility. [We] could talk about this being a national movement and paint a bigger picture.”

Enhancing Local Advocacy Capacity
NACC’s secondary goal for their campaign is to build out local advocacy acumen. By providing state advocates with support around strategic planning, coalition development, cross-state connections and communications infrastructure, the Campaign both advances current efforts while deepening advocacy know-how. Five states that were either initiating their campaigns or were at an inflection point benefited from capacity building assistance. Most of the states that received capacity building TA indicated that the assistance was crucial.

“When NACC came in, it became a campaign. Gave it a backbone.”

“Because of NACC, things happened more quickly than they otherwise would have.”

NACC staff help formalize the coalition structure with principles and guidelines so that members of the public could see how it operated, allowing for healthy membership expansion.

“We developed a broader coalition, so it wasn’t just lawyers – but included people with lived experience: parents, foster parents of youth, young adults who were youth in the system. In the past we had just turned to the usual suspects. Our coalition has now doubled in size.”

NACC Campaign Staff would have liked the state coalitions to include even greater racial and ethnic diversity. This remains challenging and requires further investigation and action.

Communications Infrastructure: The Campaign helps to build out some states’ infrastructure for communications through website improvements and increased social media presence, but states have limited capacity to maintain these channels independently of NACC staff.

Creating Peer Connections: Several states expressed that NACC’s facilitation of cross-state connections improved their work and were eager for more peer-to-peer opportunities. Similarly, five states elevated NACC’s national conference as a critical place to learn about the campaign, gain new strategies and hold discussions with key state stakeholders on neutral ground.

Campaign Growth Areas
States identified multiple ways that the campaign could have even greater impact.

Advocacy Support: State advocates almost universally felt stretched thin. Suggestions for
increased advocacy support included:

• Funding for a full-time staff person in the state, having the Campaign take over their website and social media channels, and funding a lobbyist in the state;
• Resources for communications strategy such as ad purchases and help writing and placing editorials and news stories;
• Discretionary funds to pay for campaign activities such as food for meetings or stipends for youth focus groups.

Evaluation and Research: Multiple states mentioned the need for assistance with data collection and evaluation during both legislative and implementation stages and national research such as studies that compare the best interest attorney model to a client-directed attorney model.

Increased Capacity for NACC to Influence State Actors: Several states were interested in NACC building out its capacity to influence state actors. Suggestions for NACC included:

Developing connections with the departments of children’s services in every state;

• Developing connections with the departments of children’s services in every state;

• Establishing NACC’s independent relationships with state legislators;
• Bringing the heads of administrative bodies from other states to present to legislators; and
• Expanding national connections to CASA to help shift thinking on the local level.
  

Peer-To-Peer Connections: States were interested in more peer-to-peer connections both for advocates and state actors. Two ideas for these connections included:

• Building out cohorts of advocates at different stages of their campaigns; and

• Connecting state actors (administrators, judges, legislators etc.) to similarly positioned actors in other states, who could serve as trusted sources of information.

Litigation: While litigation was not part of NACC’s strategy, several states indicated a desire for connections to law firms and/or help building out a litigation strategy.

Implementation: Finally, states thought that after a change in policy, it would be helpful for the Campaign to provide on-going support for trainings, standards setting, data collection and evaluation.

Conclusion
The Counsel for Kids Campaign provides crucial and unduplicated support to state-based advocates.Campaign staff navigated the needs of local coalitions and the varied political waters in which they operated. State advocates universally appreciated the support from the National Campaign and could articulate, with specificity, how the Campaign’s involvement advanced their advocacy skills and goals. Recommendations for improvements centered on requests for increased services and supports rather than a change in the current practice of TA provision.

For more information about the Counsel for Kids evaluation and Counsel for Kids Campaign please contact NACC Executive Director Kim Dvorchak at [email protected]. Contact Sarah Bryer Consulting on LinkedIn or at [email protected]

PDF version of this summary.

Momentum is building around the country to ensure counsel for kids experiencing the child protection system.

Florida Senate Bill 488 would expand the categories of dependent children who are 
entitled to counsel and require the state agency to work directly with the Justice Administrative Commission to obtain Title IV-E funds for children’s legal representation. The bill was referred to Senate Judiciary, Appropriations Committee on Criminal and Civil Justice, and Fiscal Policy on February 9. 

 
Illinois Senate Bill 1478 would grant children placed in foster care the right to a court-appointed, client-directed attorney in any abuse or neglect proceeding. Senator Ann Gillespie convened a press conference in Springfield, Illinois on February 8 and NACC’s National Law School Student Organizer Leyda Garcia-Greenawalt shared her support for children’s right to counsel. The bill was assigned to the Judiciary Committee on February 14. 

 
Indiana House Bill 1172 originally would guarantee legal counsel for a small 
subset of children involved in child in need of services or termination of parental 
rights cases. NACC offered written comments in support of the bill. Unfortunately, on 
February 16, the House Judiciary Committee removed all language extending youth’s right to counsel. 

 
Kansas House Bill 2381 would require the court to appoint an attorney to represent a child who is the subject of a child in need of care proceeding and permit the optional appointment of a guardian ad litem. This bill would change Kansas’ best interest attorney model to a client directed model. The House Committee on Judiciary held a public hearing on February 16. NACC submitted written comments in support of the bill. 

 
Montana House Bill 37 would require the appointment of legal counsel to any child subject to abuse and neglect court proceedings notwithstanding the appointment of a guardian ad litem. The House Judiciary Committee held a public hearing on January 10. NACC Policy Counsel Natalece Washington offered written and public comments (@9:55) in support of counsel for kids. The committee voted 18-1 to approve the bill for consideration by the whole House. A companion bill, Montana Senate Bill 148, would also guarantee legal counsel for children in dependency cases.  

 
Mississippi House Bill 1149 would ensure children are appointed client-directed legal counsel at all stages of a proceeding and ensure the child is deemed a party to the proceeding. The bill passed the House on February 2 was transmitted to the Senate and referred to Senate Judiciary A. 

 
Missouri House Bill 1170 would guarantee the appointment of client-directed legal 
counsel for children at all stages of a child abuse and neglect or termination of 
parental rights proceeding and make discretionary the appointment of a guardian ad 
litem. 

 
New Hampshire House Bill 535 would permit the court to appoint counsel for a child in abuse and neglect proceedings where the child’s expressed interests conflict with any recommendation of the guardian ad litem. The House Children and Family Law committee held a public hearing on the bill on January 24. NACC submitted written comments in support of the bill. The bill was considered in executive session on February 21. 

 
Oklahoma SB 907 (Companion Bill HB 1017) would establish the Family Representation and Advocacy Program, an entity that would be responsible for ensuring parents, legal guardians, and Indian custodians, and children are appointed counsel who have the training, support, and access to resources. The bill passed the Judiciary committee and was referred to Appropriations on February 14. 

 
Connecticut Senate Bill 1008 would continue the appointment of legal representation for youth involved in extended foster care court proceedings. The Joint Committee on Children heard the bill on February 16. NACC submitted written comments. 

 
Georgia House Bill 460 would guarantee the right to counsel to youth receiving extended foster care services. 

“Every child in every family in every community deserves the chance to thrive. Often the best way to help a child is to make sure children and their families are supported and have access to high-quality legal representation in court-involved child welfare cases….” Read more in the Tulsa World.